With
the UN-backed International Yoga Day on Sunday, which apparently has
made into the Guinness Book of records for its sheer numbers, Indians
who are proud of the country’s ancient past can be gratified that the
world has seen it. The day was indeed unprecedented because such a
public display of people stretching and bending in large numbers in
world capitals was new.
That India, or rather the Prime Minister
Narendra Modi,
was the force behind this global spectacle will certainly make a lot of
Indians proud. It was him, who had urged the UN General Assembly in
2014 to set aside a day for yoga. Subsequently, India’s resolution on
the proposal drew the largest ever number of cosponsors in the General
Assembly. Leading the show in Dehli on Sunday, he said: “I believe that
from the 21st of June, through the International Day of Yoga, it is not
just the beginning of a day but the beginning of a new age through which
we will achieve greater heights of peace, good will and train the human
spirit.”
Most of the mainstream media went into an overdrive with
anchors, experts, celebrities and politicians claiming how great Yoga
is. Most of them said its practice kept them fit, while hardcore fans
claimed that it was effective against a lot of illnesses from cancer to
hypertension. What was however, unanswered in the excitement and hype,
was how different it was from other forms of exercises in terms of
results. Barring the personal testimonies of its diehard fans, many of
whom also believed that ancient India was the repository of even modern
scientific and technological knowledge, the mainstream media hardly
presented any scientific evidence to demonstrate the superiority of
Yoga. Neither were there any counter-views. It was a one-sided revelry
that bolstered the Indian fantasy of a super power.
PTI image.
Not
that Yoga is not beneficial. Nobody says that. People feel good and
healthy doing it. But a lot of others, who do regular exercises also
feel the same. Those who run, cycle and do weight training also vouch
for the “high”, the rush of endorphins, they get. There may be several
more millions engaged in exercises such as walking, running, cycling,
stretching and weight training than those practising Yoga and reaping
equal or better benefits - but they don’t make a single cohort because
there is no brand that unifies them as Yoga does and there is no allure
of spirituality and “5000 years” of heritage behind what they do.
Here’s
where scientific enquiry must play an important part. Other than being a
good exercise, does it really have the healing powers as many claim.
The best way to answer these claims are Randomised Control Trials (RCT)
than personal testimonies. RCTs, which are the gold standard for
clinical trials, in simplest terms means a study (with random sampling)
in which people receiving treatment (Yoga, in this case), called
treatment group, are compared with those who don’t receive it, called
control group. (To know if Yoga is better than other forms of exercises,
the treatment group should be Yoga practitioners and the control group,
people who are doing other exercises.)
Although a lot of RCTs
have been done for Yoga, for the tall therapeutic claims its apostles
make, the body of work is quite limited. And importantly, the results
are far from impressive. At best, the trials show nothing more than some
benign, positive signs. It’s impossible to do a meta-analysis in a
media column, but let’s take a look at some of the RCTs published in
reputed, peer-reviewed journals.
One of the common ailments that
Yoga seems to help is lower back pain. A lot of people vouch for it, but
what has scientific studies say? According to
this RCT
in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA), it’s not more
effective than stretching exercises. In fact, the study says:”Yoga
classes were more effective than a self-care book, but not more
effective than stretching classes, in improving function and reducing
symptoms due to chronic low back pain, with benefits lasting at least
several months.”
Asthma is another common illness that Yoga apparently alleviates. Does it really help? Take a look at this
2014 study
in the journal “Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology”, which took
into account the results of 14 RCTs. And the result? “Yoga cannot be
considered a routine intervention for asthmatic patients at this point.
It can be considered an ancillary intervention or an alternative to
breathing exercises for asthma patients interested in complementary
interventions.”
What it practically says is that Yoga doesn’t
hurt, but it doesn’t help either. A Cochrane (a global medical research
network that academics and medical practitioners rely on)
review in 2013
was even more direct, when it said that “no conclusive evidence in this
review supports or refutes the efficacy of such intervention in the
treatment of adult patients with asthma.”
It doesn’t help in
arthritis, another great reason to practice Yoga for many, either. This
German study, which analysed eight RCTs, in
Oxford Rheumatology journal
finds no reason to suggest even ancillary use of Yoga for
osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia, the common
arthritic diseases.
Now, the bigger claim - cancer.
This study
published in The Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2007 did find that
Yoga improved emotional well-being and mood among breast cancer
survivors, not their survival rate or treatment effectiveness. However,
the huge limitation of the study is that it compared people doing yoga
with people not doing it, not with people doing some other form of
exercise.
So, the summary of the story is that there is no
conclusive evidence that demonstrates Yoga’s health benefits or its
superiority over other forms of structured exercises. As this
Scientific American article notes, any form of regular exercise gives one a high, makes one feel physically and mentally good, and less stressful.
There’s
no denying the fact that Yoga is popular all over the world, but what
drives it is its commercialisation and the sex-appeal as a
spiritual-lifestyle fad. In the US alone, it’s a 27 billion dollar
industry and its popular image is that of a slender and taut female, as
this
Huffington Post article notes”. The yoga body is Gwyneth Paltrow's body -- the elongated feminine form.” How true!
Therefore,
the numbers of people and countries that made some Indians proud on
Sunday doesn’t mean much because, it’s a free brand of pop-spirituality
and exercise that thousands of entrepreneurs cash in on. India’s call
for a UN day for the brand is great news for them, because it means free
publicity and more money. Mobilising people to the streets to do those
fancy stretches (unlike in India where people with ungainly paunches
were struggling) is in their interest.
If it’s about real numbers
and relevance to contemporary India, what the country should celebrate
is the UN’s World Toilet Day, because we have nearly two-third of the
world’s open defecators and half of our fellow citizens do it openly,
often shamelessly in groups. By revelling in reflected glory of the
global popularity of Yoga, we are not only escaping to an imaginary past
to cover up our failures, but are also indulging in yet another round
of delusional cultural revivalism for political reasons.
