LOST IN TRANSIT[BLACK MATTER]time to question the maker cum supplier

Scientists discover dark matter lost since birth of universe

By Zee Media Bureau | Last Updated: Saturday, December 31, 2016 - 08:24
Scientists discover dark matter lost since birth of universe
Moscow: Scientists, for the first time, have been able to measure the amount of dark matter the Universe has lost since the Big Bang some 13.7 billion years ago.
About five per cent of the elusive dark matter in the universe has been lost till now, they calculated.
The finding is also likely to explain one of the biggest mysteries in physics - why our Universe appears to function in a slightly different way than it did in the years just after the Big Bang. It could also explain the origin of dark matter and how it might evolve or decay in future.
The study could also help astrophysicists explain how the universe has changed over time. The findings may show how the universe's rate of expansion has varied and what happened in the universe's first few hundred thousand years.
Most of the matter in the universe seems to be invisible and largely intangible; it holds galaxies together and only interacts with the more familiar matter hrough its gravitational pull.
"The discrepancy between the cosmological parameters in the modern Universe and the Universe shortly after the Big Bang can be explained by the fact that the proportion of dark matter has decreased," Igor Tkachev, head of the of the Department of Experimental Physics at the Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia told PTI.
"We have now, for the first time, been able to calculate how much dark matter could have been lost and what the corresponding size of the unstable component would be," Tkachev said.
Their study suggests that no more than 5 percent of the current amount of dark matter in the universe, could have been lost since the Big Bang.
According to data from the  European Space Agency (ESA)’s Planck space telescope, the proportion of dark matter in the universe is 26.8 per cent, the rest is “ordinary” matter (4.9 per cent) and dark energy (68.3 per cent).
The properties of dark matter could potentially help scientists solve the problem that arose after studying observations from the Planck telescope.
This device accurately measured the fluctuations in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation – the “echo” of the Big Bang.
By measuring these fluctuations, researchers were able to calculate key cosmological parameters using observations of the universe in the recombination era – about 300,000 years after the Big Bang.
But even though the majority of matter predicted to be in the Universe is actually dark, little is known about dark matter - in fact, scientists till now haven't been able to prove that it actually exists.
(With PTI inputs)
Image result for CONFUSED GODRelated image



Uparwale Zulm Ki Lyrics By - Maut Ki Sazaa (1991) Full HD Song

Shaun Mike
  • 3 years ago
  • 250 views
Movie/Album: Maut Ki Sazaa (1991)
Singers: Anup Jalota
Lyricist: Maya Govind
Song Type/Mood: Sad
Music Composer: Anup Jalota
Music Director: Anup Jalota
comment:-
who said he is not a joker also ?



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“The technology saved lives,

Berlin attack: Lorry's automatic braking system stopped more deaths during the Christmas market assault

Investigators find system stopped Anis Amri continuing rampage that killed 12
berlin-attack-lorry.jpg
The lorry used in the attack on a Christmas market in Berlin, Germany, on 19 December EPA
An automatic braking system fitted to the lorry used in the Berlin attack may have prevented the deaths of many more victims, investigators have found.
Anis Amri, a Tunisian Isis supporter, is believed to have hijacked the vehicle from its Polish driver in the German capital before ploughing it into a busy Christmas market on 19 December.
Eleven people were killed and more than 50 others injured, being caught under the wheels or crushed by debris before the lorry came to a stop.
Video surfaces of Berlin attack suspect Anis Amri
Investigators now believe the driver was only able to push a maximum of 260ft (80m) into the market because of the vehicle’s emergency braking system.

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It kicked in after detecting obstacles and no response from the cab, bringing the lorry to a stop as quickly as possible given its forward momentum.
“The technology saved lives,” a Berlin local government official told the Süddeutsche Zeitung.
An older lorry used in the Nice attack was not equipped with the system, allowing Isis supporter Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel to kill 86 people and injure 400 more after driving into densely packed crowds celebrating Bastille Day. 
His rampage lasted at least five minutes, while the Berlin attack happened in a matter of seconds after the lorry accelerated off a main road next to the Christmas market on Breitscheidplatz, according to witnesses.
There was initial speculation the lorry’s driver, Lukasz Urban, may have fought the hijacker in an attempt to prevent the attack but a post-mortem found he had been shot in the head at least two-and-a-half hours before and would have been unable to intervene.
The hijacker fled the scene and was later identified as Amri, whose wallet, identification, phone and fingerprints were found at the crime scene.

Berlin Christmas market lorry attack

Minutes before the attack, he reportedly sent a message reading:  “My brother, all is well, according to God's will. I am now in a car, pray for me my brother, pray for me.“ 
It was sent along with a selfie taken in the lorry’s cab to a contact, who remains unidentified after 40-year-old Tunisian man who arrested in Berlin was freed.
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Germany failed to deport Berlin attack suspect

“Brother” is frequently used to address other Muslims, rather than exclusively relatives.
Amri was shot dead in a gun battle with Italian police in Milan on Friday after days on the run as the most wanted man in Europe.
The 24-year-old Tunisian man had a lengthy criminal history, including armed robbery in his home country and arson in Italy, where he was jailed for four years after arriving in Europe by boat in 2011.
Italian authorities attempted to deport Amri after he finished serving his prison sentence in 2015 but Tunisia refused to take him and he was released from a detention centre after the 60-day legal limit.
Amri’s brothers believe he was radicalised during his imprisonment, travelling onwards to Germany where he became part of an Islamist network including two hate preachers in Dortmund and Hildesheim who have since been jailed for supporting Isis.
Having flagged as a terror risk, he was put under surveillance over a separate attack plot in March but the investigation stopped in September after uncovering drug dealing and minor crime but failing to reveal evidence of extremism.
anis-amri-video-isis.jpg
Berlin attack suspect Anis Amri pledged allegiance to Isis in a video released by the group following his death
Security services rated Amri as a “five” on an eight-point danger scale and did not believe an attack was likely, Süddeutsche Zeitung reported, despite having evidence he volunteered to commit a suicide bombing and researched making explosives, and updating his file just five days before the Berlin attack.
Amri’s asylum application was denied in June but Germany was unable to deport him because Tunisia refused to accept the expulsion without documents proving his nationality.
Prosecutors in North Rhine-Westphalia also opened a fraud investigation after Amri was suspected using two of at least eight identities he employed in Germany to claim refugee benefits in two towns.
Detlef Nowotsch, a spokesman for prosecutors in Duisburg, told The Independent Amri applied for public funds in both Emmerich and Oberhausen in late 2015. But an investigation started in April was shelved in November because his whereabouts were unknown.
Authorities across Europe are attempting to piece Amri’s movements together through Germany, and then on his route via the Netherlands and France to Italy as he fled following the attack.
Italian police have searched three houses in and around Rome where he may have stayed after leaving a detention centre in Sicily in 2015.
Investigators are trying to establish whether Amri was attempting to reach another country when he was shot in Milan or seeking shelter with contacts in the city. 
EU nations have vowed to work to increase security cooperation, while Angela Merkel ordered a sweeping security review to identify any necessary reforms in Germany.
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Rich food good says research[suspect the result-may be done for company profit ]


Eat in peace: Here’s why you can have a tasty meal and not put on weight

health-and-fitness Updated: Dec 17, 2016 10:20 IST
PTI
Highlight Story

Good-tasting food does not cause obesity!!!!!, say researchers, claiming that good taste only determines what we choose to eat, not how much of it. (Shutterstock)

Yes, you read that right. Contradicting the popular belief that delicious foods such as chocolate, potato chips and sweetened condensed milk are unhealthy and lead to obesity, a new study suggests that desirable taste itself may not necessarily lead to weight gain.
“Most people think that good-tasting food causes obesity, but that is not the case. Good taste determines what we choose to eat, but not how much we eat over the long-term,” said Michael Tordoff from Monell Chemical Senses Centre in the US.
Researchers designed a series of experiments to assess the role of taste in driving overeating and weight gain.
They first established that laboratory mice strongly like food with added nonnutritive sweet or oily tastes.
To do this they gave mice two cups of food. One group of mice had a choice between a cup of plain rodent chow and a cup of chow mixed with the noncaloric sweetener sucralose.
The other group received a choice between a cup of plain rodent chow and a cup of chow mixed with mineral oil, which also has no calories.
The mice ignored the plain chow and ate almost all of their food from the cups containing the sweetened or oily chow, establishing that these non-caloric tastes were indeed very appealing.
Next, new groups of mice received one of the three diets for six weeks: one group was fed plain chow, one group was fed chow with added sucralose, and one group was fed chow with added mineral oil.
At the end of this period, the groups fed the sweet or oily chow were no heavier or fatter than were the animals fed the plain chow.
Additional tests revealed that even after six weeks, the animals still highly preferred the taste-enhanced diets, demonstrating the persistent strong appeal of both sweet and oily tastes.
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Gravitational Waves Will Bring the Extreme Universe into View

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The thousands of signals that should soon be observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo experiments will transform our understanding of black holes, neutron stars, supernova explosions and perhaps even the origin and fate of the cosmos itself.


Gravitational waves. Credit: Charly W. Karl/flickr/CC BY-ND 2.0)
Gravitational waves. Credit: Charly W. Karl/flickr/CC BY-ND 2.0)
The first direct detection of gravitational waves on September 14, 2015 proved that massive objects can ripple the structure of space, verifying a key prediction of Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. The second detection, made on December 26, 2015 and announced this June, firmly established gravitational waves as a new window to the universe. But even more exciting are the detections yet to come: the thousands of signals that should soon be observed by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo experiments. They will transform our understanding of black holes, neutron stars, supernova explosions and perhaps even the origin and fate of the cosmos itself.
Changes to the fields of physics and astronomy are already being felt. The two events reported so far have significantly increased the number of known stellar-mass black holes and have demonstrated that black holes can form tight pairs and merge violently within the lifetime of the universe; such mergers are the inferred cause of the September 14 and December 26 signals. Drawing on data from those two events, my colleagues in the LIGO and Virgo collaborations have tested general relativity in novel ways, far outside our terrestrial experience. And we have shown that black holes collide more often than expected, which has lead some researchers to speculate that black holes might be abundant enough to qualify as a variety of dark matter.
As with any new observational tool, the most important discoveries from the new detectors will surely be the ones that are unexpected. But we also have a good sense of the amazing things that the gravitational universe will tell us, even in the absence of surprises.
First, we can be certain that we will detect many more merging pairs of black holes comparable to the two already detected. The current instruments are about three times less sensitive than their full potential. At their ultimate sensitivity, the two LIGO detectors (in Louisiana and Washington state) and the Virgo experiment (near Pisa in Italy) will register dozens to hundreds of black-hole events per year. This large sample will yield a detailed census of black holes and will allow astronomers to characterise their population all across the universe, evaluating theories of how they form.
We also expect to observe mergers of neutron stars, the ultra dense remains of stars that were too small to form black holes. Whereas black holes are so extreme that they are breathtakingly simple (completely described by their mass, spin and charge), neutron stars show the universe at its most bizarre and complex. They contain more mass than our Sun packed into a sphere the size of Manhattan, with magnetic fields that can be more than a billion times as powerful as Earth’s. We do not understand how matter this dense behaves, nor do we know how their magnetic fields are sustained. What we do know is that pairs of neutron stars sometimes spiral into each other. The resulting gravitational waves will give us, for the first time, an unobstructed picture of neutron stars as they interact.
Unlike black holes, naked neutron stars emit light and other forms of radiation. Neutron-star mergers can produce a rapid flash of gamma rays or X-rays, along with a faint optical afterglow that can linger for days or weeks. With LIGO and Virgo operating in concert, we can localise the position of colliding neutron stars to within a few degrees in the sky. Optical telescopes can then search this patch of sky for a fading signal emitted by radioactive material ejected during the merger. This simultaneous observation of gravitational and electromagnetic signals could solve many long-standing mysteries in astronomy, such as the nature of energetic flashes known as short gamma-ray bursts and the origin of heavy elements, including much of the gold found on Earth.
Gravitational waves can also show what happens in a ‘core-collapse’ supernova explosion, which occurs when the core of a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel and is crushed under the star’s immense mass. This is an open question in astrophysics, because the mechanism that drives the explosion is hidden deep inside the star. Gravitational waves from supernovae will travel directly from the star’s centre to our detectors. Core-collapse supernovae are exceptionally rare, however; the last such one near our galaxy was in 1987 and the last known event in our galaxy proper was 400 years ago. Gravitational-wave scientists will have to be lucky and patient.
Looking out on an even grander scale, gravitational waves from neutron star mergers will give us a fresh way to study the expansion of the universe. Our current picture of cosmology­ – in which the universe is expanding following the Big Bang and is accelerating due to an unseen ‘dark energy’ – relies heavily on observations of supernovae in distant galaxies. Gravitational waves will provide complementary information: the intensity (amplitude) of the gravitational signal tells us the distance to the event, while the optical appearance of the merger reveals how much its light has been stretched, or redshifted, on its way to Earth. These two pieces of information define the rate at which the universe is expanding. Measuring this rate independently will provide an important check of our cosmological models.
Finally, LIGO and Virgo might detect a faint background hum of gravitational waves that pervades the entire universe, constantly vibrating all of empty space. Many theories predict an omnipresent gravitational energy produced either from the accumulation of astrophysical events such as black hole mergers or from an early, extremely rapid episode of cosmic inflation immediately after the Big Bang. If the hum is loud enough, it will show up as a correlated signal between widely separated detectors such as LIGO and Virgo. Measuring the gravitational-wave background would be a dramatic achievement.
For the next few years, progress in gravitational-wave science will be limited by the sensitivity of the detectors. With each boost to their performance, it’s likely that we will uncover events from new types of sources. Eventually, perhaps after a large international investment in new facilities, progress in the field will be limited only by the willingness of the universe to provide rare, exotic signals to observe.
LIGO and Virgo have already performed a staggering feat. Consider the properties of the September 14 event: the signal was generated by two objects, each roughly 35 times the mass of our Sun, locked in a decaying orbit the size of Switzerland, circling each other 50 times a second. The energy involved was staggering, briefly exceeding that of all the starlight in the universe, but the signal that reached Earth was among the most imperceptible things that humans have ever measured. As gravitational-wave detections make the transition from sensational discoveries to routine tools for astrophysics and cosmology, the invisible shaking of space will, paradoxically, illuminate parts of the Universe that were entirely dark until now.
Daniel Hoak earned his PhD in physics from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He is currently a Fulbright grantee and postdoctoral researcher at the European Gravitational Observatory near Pisa in Italy, where he is working on the Virgo Experiment.
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What if LIGO Actually Proved Einstein Wrong – and Found Signs of Quantum Gravity?

The Wire - ‎11 hours ago‎

What if LIGO Actually Proved Einstein Wrong – and Found Signs of Quantum Gravity?

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Three physicists have predicted that finding ‘echoes’ of gravitational waves coming from blackhole mergers might be signs of a theory that finally unifies quantum mechanics and general relativity.

A computer simulation shows two neutron stars, the extremely dense cores of now-dead stars, smashing into each other to form a blackhole. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre/Flickr, CC BY 2.0 (quantum)
A computer simulation shows two neutron stars, the extremely dense cores of now-dead stars, smashing into each other to form a blackhole. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre/Flickr, CC BY 2.0
Your high-school physics teacher would’ve likely taught you to think about the smallest constituents of nature by asking you to start with a large object – like a chair – and then keep breaking it down into smaller bits. For the purposes of making sense of your syllabus, you probably stopped at protons, electrons and neutrons. That’s a pity because, if you’d kept going, you’d have stumbled upon some of the biggest mysteries of the universe. At some point, you’d have hit the Planck scale: the smallest region of space, the shortest span of time. This is the smallest scale that quantum mechanics can make sense of, and this is where many physicists expect to find the fundamental particles that make up space itself.
If this region – or some phenomena that are thought to belong exclusively to this region – are found, then physicists will have made a stunning discovery. Apart from finding the ‘atoms’ of space itself, they’d have opened the doors to marrying the two biggest theories of physics: quantum mechanics and the theory of general relativity (GR). The former’s demesne is the small and smaller particles you passed along the way to the Planck scale. The latter’s is the largest distances and spans of time in the universe. And the discovery would be stunning because GR, created by Albert Einstein 101 years ago, doesn’t allow space to have any constituent ‘atoms’. For GR, space is smooth. And it is this fundamental conflict that has prevented the theories from being reconciled into a single ‘quantum gravity’ theory.
But the first signs of change might be here.
In 2015, the twin Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatories (LIGO) in the US had made the first direct detection of gravitational waves. These are ripples of energy sent strumming through space at the speed of light when a massive object accelerates. LIGO had in fact detected gravitational waves created by two blackholes that were spinning rapidly around each other before colliding and merging to form a larger blackhole. The discovery was unequivocal proof that Einstein’s GR was valid and realistic. But curiously enough, three physicists recently announced that the discovery may have in fact achieved the opposite: invalidate GR and instead signal proof that the first signs of quantum gravity may have been found.
A blackhole is a particularly interesting thing. One is formed when the core of a dying star of a certain kind becomes so massive that, after the initial supernova explosion, it collapses inwards, tightly curving space around itself such that even light can’t escape its prodigious gravity. A blackhole is a consequence of GR – though Einstein didn’t himself predict its existence first. At the same time, because of its freaky nature, a blackhole also often exhibits quantum mechanical properties that physicists have been interested in for their potential to reveal something about quantum gravity. And many of these properties have to do with the blackhole’s outer shell: the event horizon, behind which nothing can escape the blackhole’s heart no matter how fast it is moving away.
GR can’t perfectly predict what the insides of a blackhole are like – and the theory simply breaks down when it comes to the blackhole’s heart itself. But using LIGO’s data when it tuned in to the mergers of two blackhole-pairs in 2015, three physicists are now saying there’s some reason to believe GR may be breaking down at the event horizon itself. They say they are motivated by having spotted signs (in the data) of a quantum-gravity effect known simply as an echo.
According to GR, the event horizon is a smooth and infinitely thin surface: at any given moment, you’re either behind it, falling into the blackhole, or in front of it, looking into the abyss that is the blackhole. But according to quantum mechanics, the event horizon is actually a ‘firewall’ of particles popping in and out of existence. You step into it and you’re immediately incinerated. But apart from making for an interesting gedanken experiment about suicidal astronauts, the existence of such a firewall can have very real consequences.
When two blackholes collide to form a larger blackhole, there is a very large amount of energy released. In LIGO’s first detection of a merger, made on September 14, 2015, two blackholes weighing 29 and 36 solar masses merged to form a blackhole weighing 62 solar masses. The remaining three solar masses – equivalent to 178.7 billion trillion trillion trillion joules of energy – were expelled as gravitational waves. If GR has its way, with an infinitely thin event horizon, then the waves are immediately expelled into space. However, if quantum mechanics has its way, then some of the waves are first trapped inside the firewall of particles, where they bounce around like echoes depending on the angle at which they were ensnared, and escape in instalments. Corresponding to the delay in setting off into space, LIGO would have detected them similarly: not arriving all at once but with delays.
LIGO original template for GW150914, along with Abedi-Dykaar-Afshordi's best fit template for the echoes. Caption and credit: arXiv:1612.00266
LIGO original template for GW150914, along with Abedi-Dykaar-Afshordi’s best fit template for the echoes. Caption and credit: arXiv:1612.00266
The three physicists – Jahed Abedi, Hannah Dykaar and Niayesh Afshordi – simulated firewall-esque conditions using mirrors placed close to a computer-simulated blackhole to determine the intervals at which gravitational echoes from each of the three events LIGO has detected so far would arrive at. When they had their results, they went looking for similar signals in the LIGO data. In a pre-print paper uploaded to the arXiv server on December 1, the trio writes that it did find them, with a statistical significance of 2.9 sigma. This is a mathematical measure of confidence that’s not good enough to technically be considered evidence (3 sigma), let alone proof of any kind (5 sigma). And when tested for each event, the odds are lower: they max out at 2 sigma in the case of the merger known as GW150914, the first one that LIGO detected. Finally, even if the signal persists, it might not ultimately be due to quantum gravity at all but some other sources.
Nonetheless, the significance isn’t zero – and the LIGO team has confirmed that it is looking for more signs of echoes in its data. Luckily for everyone, the detectors also recently restarted with upgrades to make it more sensitive, to more accurately study the gravitational wave signals arising from blackholes of diverse masses. If future experiments can’t detect stronger echoes (or eliminate existing sources of noise that could be clouding observations), then that’s that for this line of verifying quantum gravity. But until then, it wouldn’t be amiss to speculate on its veracity – or on variations of it that might yield better results, results closer to LIGO’s capabilities – if only because the data LIGO collects for each merger is so complex.
Ultimately, the most heartening takeaway from the Abedi-Dykaar-Afshordi thesis is that there is an experimental way to confirm the predictions of quantum gravity at all. Physicists have long held it to be out of human reach. This is obvious when you realise the Planck length is 100-billion-billion-times smaller than the diameter of a proton and the Planck second is 10-billion-billion-billion-times smaller than the smallest unit of time that some of the most powerful atomic clocks can measure. If quantum gravity is a true theory, then it will be to nature’s unending credit that it spawned blackholes that can magnify the effects of such infinitesimal provenance – and to humankind’s for building machines that can eavesdrop on them.
An Indian LIGO detector is currently under development and is expected to join the twin American ones to study gravitational waves by 2023.
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What would happen if asteroid struck the ocean["not a hell of a lot we can do at the moment"].'

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What would REALLY happen if an asteroid struck the ocean: Simulation reveals impact would launch BILLIONS of tons of water into the atmosphere

  • If it hit far from coastlines, massive waves would die down before hitting cities
  • But, impact would have devastating effects if within 10-20km from the coast
  • Bigger threat would come from billions of tons of water vapor injected in the air
  • This could loft into the stratosphere and linger for months, altering the climate 
By Cheyenne Macdonald For Dailymail.com
Published: 22:00 GMT, 14 December 2016 | Updated: 23:03 GMT, 14 December 2016
If an asteroid were to slam into Earth, there’s a strong chance it would end up at sea, with oceans covering roughly 70 percent of our planet’s surface.
An impact would have devastating effects if it occurred within 10-20 kilometers of a city's coastline, potentially killing thousands of people - but if it hit out in the middle of the ocean, the massive waves generated by the collision would quickly die down.
A new simulation reveals that the destructive waves would be unable to travel long distances, preventing city-swallowing tsunamis from reaching the shorelines.
Water vapour, instead, could pose a larger threat – the impact would launch billions of tons of the greenhouse gas into the air, with potential to linger in the stratosphere for months or even years.
Scroll down for video 
 The visualization from the Los Alamos National Laboratory shows what would happen if an asteroid slammed into the ocean. This revealed that, if it occured far from the coastlines, the threat of a tsunami hitting cities would be low. But, water vapour would pose a greater risk

WHAT WOULD HAPPEN

If an asteroid struck the ocean, the researchers say it would create a transient crater, launching a splash curtain into the air.
As water rushes into the crater, a jet would form - and this could be several kilometers high.
The jet would then collapse to form a rim wave, which would be hundreds of meters high.
 A new water jet would form, and create a new rim wave, and the process would go on.
Each rim wave has potential to become a tsunami, the researchers explain.  
Far away from the coastlines, however, the risks to populated areas would be low.
A larger threat may come from the large amounts of water vapour sent into the air, which would be lofted into the stratosphere.
The greenhouse gas could linger for months or years, with severe implications for the global climate.
The new visualization from the Los Alamos National Laboratory comes as a result of NASA’s Second International Workshop on Asteroid Threat Assessment.
Given the likelihood of an asteroid making impact with the ocean if it were set to hit Earth, the researchers explored what the risks of a resulting tsunami would be.
Scientists at LANL used high performance computing to investigate how an asteroid’s kinetic energy is transferred to the atmosphere and the ocean.
They created simulations with varying asteroid size, angle of impact, and whether or not it exploded in an airburst.
The simulations focused on three materials: basalt asteroid, static air, and static water.
The investigation revealed that more kinetic energy would be transferred to the water, and in the largest scenario, the visualization shows how a 250-meter-wide asteroid could create a transient crater, giving rise to a massive plume of water and water vapour.
But, the researchers say, colliding shockwaves in the atmosphere and water, along with the wind at the water’s surface would hinder the creation of a propagating wave.
Scientists at LANL used high performance computing to investigate how an asteroid’s kinetic energy is transferred to the atmosphere and the ocean. They created simulations with varying asteroid size, angle of impact, and whether or not it exploded in an airburst
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Scientists at LANL used high performance computing to investigate how an asteroid’s kinetic energy is transferred to the atmosphere and the ocean. They created simulations with varying asteroid size, angle of impact, and whether or not it exploded in an airburst
It also revealed that a direct impact with the water would be more likely to create a tsunami than an airburst would, in contrast to what’s previously been thought.
An airburst would break the asteroid apart, the researchers explain, causing much of it to skim the surface rather than slamming into it.
Even if it wouldn’t travel hundreds of miles to threaten cities, an asteroid that hit the ocean would still create waves of staggering enormity.
‘Immediately upon impact, a transient crater is created and a splash curtain is thrown high into the air,’ the researchers explain.
An impact would have devastating effects if it occurred within 10-20 kilometers of a city's coastline, but if it hit out in the middle of the ocean, the massive waves generated by the collision would quickly die down. Stock image 
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An impact would have devastating effects if it occurred within 10-20 kilometers of a city's coastline, but if it hit out in the middle of the ocean, the massive waves generated by the collision would quickly die down. Stock image 

'NOTHING WE CAN DO' ABOUT AN ASTEROID IMPACT, EXPERTS WARN

Experts have warned that humans are not prepared for an asteroid impact, and should one head for Earth, there's not much we can do about it.
A Nasa scientist has said that our best hope is building an interceptor rocket to keep in storage that could be used in deflection missions.
Dr Joseph Nuth, a researcher at Nasa's Goddard Space Flight Centre in Maryland was speaking at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union earlier this week.
He said: 'The biggest problem, basically, is there's not a hell of a lot we can do about it at the moment.'
While dangerous asteroids and comets rarely hit Earth, Dr Nuth warned that the threat was always there.
He said: 'They are the extinction-level events, things like dinosaur killers, they're 50 to 60 million years apart, essentially.
'You could say, of course, we're due, but it's a random course at that point.'
‘Water rushes into the crater forming a water jet which can be several kilometers high. This jet collapses to form a rim wave, which is hundreds of meters high.
‘A new water jet begins to form and to, in turn, create a new rim wave, a process that continues for some time.
‘Each of these rim waves has the potential to become a tsunami.’
The researchers also noted another threat of ‘equal importance.’
An asteroid impact out at sea would send large amounts of water vapour into the air, which would be lofted into the stratosphere.
According to the team, this could linger for months or even years, and as it is a greenhouse gas, there would be severe implications for the global climate.

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