MY CIRCULAR MEGALEV IN TUBE

SINCE A LONG TIME MY MIND WAS WANDERING INTO THE WORLD OF DREAM TRAVEL ;A TRAVEL ON MEGALEV TRAIN

; WHICH IS SUSPENDED IN A STEEL TUBE ;


IN SUCH A WAY THAT THE TRAIN IS LEVITATED FROM 360 DEGREE-MEANS -ALL AROUND WITH OUT TOUCHING ANY SIDE OF THE STEEL TUBE ;BUT AT THE SAME TIME FIXED IN UPRIGHT POSITION BY A GYROSCOPE
SINCE IT IS LEVITATED FROM ALL AROUND IT CAN TRAVEL VERY FAST WITH OUT ANY FRICTION AND POLLUTION

THOUGH THIS IDEA LIKE MANY OF MY IDEAS REMAINED IN MY MIND ; TODAY WHEN I SAW THE NEWS ABOUT A VACUUM TRAIN;I THOUGHT I MUST ALSO WRITE MY THIS IDEA ,A TRAIN IN A SIMILAR SITUATION (TUBE) BUT LEVITATED FROM ALL SIDES

SINCE MY IDEA IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE CHINESE IDEA ;EXCEPT I NEVER THOUGHT OF MAKING IT A VACUUM TUBE!! I CANT GAIN ANY RECOGNITION !! AND I AM UNLUCKY, AND FOOLISH , THAT I HAVE NEVER GOT ANY OF MY IDEAS CREDITED OFFICIALLY IN MY NAME
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AERO GIZMO

Startram - maglev train to low earth orbit

March 9, 2012
The Startram orbital launch system would transport passengers and cargo into space in a ma...
The Startram orbital launch system would transport passengers and cargo into space in a magnetic levitation (maglev) train
Image Gallery (7 images)
Getting into space is one of the harder tasks to be taken on by humanity. The present cost of inserting a kilogram (2.2 lb) of cargo by rocket into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) is about US$10,000. A manned launch to LEO costs about $100,000 per kilogram of passenger. But who says we have to reach orbit by means of rocket propulsion alone? Instead, imagine sitting back in a comfortable magnetic levitation (maglev) train and taking a train ride into orbit.
All right, its not quite that simple or comfortable - but it should be possible using only existing technology.
Dr George Maise invented the Startram orbital launch system along with Dr James Powell, who is one of the inventors of superconducting maglev - for which he won the 2002 Franklin Medal in engineering. Startram is in essence a superconducting maglev launch system.
A spacecraft emerging from the Startram magnetically levitated launch system
The system would see a spacecraft magnetically levitated to avoid friction, while the same magnetic system is used to accelerate the spacecraft to orbital velocities - just under 9 km/sec (5.6 miles/s). Maglev passenger trains have carried passengers at nearly 600 kilometers per hour (373 mph) - spacecraft have to be some 50 times faster, but the physics and much of the engineering is the same.
The scope of the project is challenging. A launch system design for routine passenger flight into LEO should have rather low acceleration - perhaps about 3 g's maximum, which then requires 5 minutes of acceleration to reach LEO transfer velocities. In that period, the spacecraft will have traveled 1,000 miles (1,609 km). The maglev track must be 1,000 miles in length - similar in size to maglev train tracks being considered for cross-country transportation.
Like a train, the Startram track can follow the surface of the Earth for most of this length. Side forces associated with the curvature of the surface can be accommodated by the design, but not the drag and sonic shock waves of a craft traveling at hypersonic velocity at sea level - the spacecraft and launching track would be torn to shreds.
To avoid this, the Startram track must be contained inside a vacuum tube with vents to allow air compressed in front of the spacecraft to escape the tube. A vacuum equivalent to atmospheric conditions at an altitude of 75 km (about 0.01 Torr) should suffice for the efficient operation of the Startram launch system. Rapid pumping to achieve this pressure will be provided by a magnetohydrodynamic vacuum pump.
If the entire Startram tube is at sea level, on exiting the tube the spacecraft will suddenly be subjected to several hundred g's due to atmospheric drag - rather like hitting a brick wall. To reduce this effect to a tolerable acceleration, the end of the Startram vacuum tube must be elevated to an altitude of about 20 km (12 miles). At this height, the initial deceleration from atmospheric drag will be less than 3 g's, and will rapidly decrease as the spacecraft reaches higher altitudes.
View of the magnetically levitated Startram launching tube rising toward the skies
This new requirement begs the question - how do we hold up the exit end of the Startram vacuum tube? Well, the tube already contains superconducting cable and rings. Powell and Maise realized that the tube could be magnetically levitated to this altitude. If we arrange that there is a superconducting cable on the ground carrying 200 million amperes, and a superconducting cable in the launch tube carrying 20 million amperes, at an altitude of 20 km there will be a levitating force of about 4 tons per meter of cable length - more than enough to levitate the launch tube.
The Startram launch tube is securely tethered to ground
The vacuum tube would be held down against excess levitation force by high strength tethers. Dyneema (UHMWPE) is more than strong enough for this purpose. Redundant design would make a failure of the levitation system most unlikely.
The Startram launch system contains other technological wonders, such as a plasma window on the exit of the vacuum tube to prevent the inrush of the relatively dense air at that altitude from ruining the vacuum within the tube. However, all the required technology exists and is understood. The only engineering effort involved here is in increasing the scale.
Sandia National Laboratories has carried out a '"murder-squad" investigation of the Startram concept, whose purpose is to find any flaw in a proposed project. They gave Startram a clean bill of health. Estimates suggest that building a passenger-capable Startram would require 20 years and a construction budget (ignoring inflation and overoptimism) of about $60 billion.
Why take on such an enormous project? Simple - $50 per kilogram amortized launch costs. The total worldwide cost of developing and using rocket-based space travel is more than $500 billion. The Space Shuttle program cost about $170 billion. The International Space Station has cost about $150 billion to date. As yet, we are making very little commercial use of near-Earth space beyond deployment of communication and imaging satellites. Reducing the LEO insertion costs a hundredfold should finally start our commercial exploitation of the special resources of space. Not to mention making orbital hotels a travel goal for middle-class tourists!
Source: Startram

Train speed of 1000 km/hr possible: Israeli physicist

TNN | Mar 15, 2013, 03.46 AM IST
READ MORE Trains|quantum physicists|Boaz Almog
KANPUR: Time is not far off when trains will run over the tracks at a speed of over 1,000 kilometres per hour with the laws of quantum physics or particularly due to quantum levitation or locking. In the field of medical services, the MRI machines will become cheap. Also in next five years, the power loss during transmission of electricity through copper wires will become zero. At present a huge percentage of power goes into line loss during transmission. These facts were shared by Boaz Almog, quantum physicists from School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Israel exclusively with TOI during his visit to IIT-Kanpur on Thursday.

Almog stated how quantum levitation or quantum locking can make it possible for trains to run at very high speed. "It may take some 10-15 years for this to happen but this is very much possible with the application of laws of quantum physics or to be more precise due to quantum levitation," he said. The physicist also added that when the trains will run at such a high speed, the fuel consumption will go down and transportation will become cheaper.

He further said that enormous power transfer is not possible today but in next five years this will become possible with zero power loss. "Superconductors conduct electricity without dissipation. Superconductors on sapphire fibres carry 40 times more electricity than copper," he said.

Almog uses quantum physics to levitate and trap objects in midair. In October 2011, he demonstrated how a superconducting disk can be trapped in a surrounding magnetic field to levitate above it, a phenomenon called 'quantum levitation'. This demonstration, seemingly taken from a sci-fi movie, is the result of many years of research and development on high-quality superconductors. By using exceptional superconductors cooled in liquid nitrogen, Almog and his colleague Mishael Azoulay at the superconductivity group at Tel Aviv University (lead by Guy Deutscher) were able to demonstrate a quantum effect that, although known to physicists, had never been seen and demonstrated in such a way earlier.

He has also demonstrated how a thin 3-inch disk can levitate something 70,000 times its weight. Almog showed how a phenomenon known as quantum locking allows a superconductor disk to float over a magnetic rail completely frictionlessly and with zero energy loss.

Boaz demonstrated where he made a superconductor disk float in the air over a high tensile magnetic rail or a track. When asked how is this possible, he replied that till the time the superconductor is cool under the affect of liquid nitrogen, the superconductor will remain locked in air. "The superconductor locks the magnetic influx lines inside. The locking prevents the disc from moving in space. It therefore, remains in the midair," said the quantum physicist.

During the demonstration, the Israeli scientist showed that he wrapped the superconductor in the aluminium foil and dipped it in the liquid nitrogen. A few minutes later, when the superconductor became extremely cool, he released it on a magnetic belt or a track. The superconductor started swinging in the air above the magnetic belt. It also moved in circular motion on a small track which cleared the concept as to how the actual train will be able to run over the tracks without touching it in near future.

Superconductors are made of a ceramic compound of rare earth metal, barium, copper and oxygen and its transition temperature is -196 degrees. The actual weight of a superconductor is only half micron whose thickness is even less than human hair. A superconductor can levitate around 70,000 times its own weight.

Almog said that he will educate and teach students of IIT-K about quantum levitation and demonstrate before them, a superconductor floating in the air above the magnetic belt. Almog will hold a demonstration on quantum levitation at the 19th edition of Techkriti.



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Death--Cryonics and immortality :-["immortality - a fate worse than death."Edgar A. Shoaff]--The reality is that when you are dead, you are dead. When you preserve something that has died, what are you really preserving?" Waltzer said.

                                      'Cryonics' Gets a Cold Shoulder from Scientists:-
The word "cryonics" - the practice of freezing a dead body in hopes of someday reviving it - didn't enter the dictionary until 1967. But 200 years earlier, Ben Franklin was dreaming of a frozen ride to immortality. Writing to a French colleague, Franklin mused: "I wish it were possible ... to invent a method of embalming drowned persons, in such a manner that they might be recalled to life at any period, however distant; for having a very ardent desire to see and observe the state of America 100 years hence... In all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection."
The notion of being put into a suspended state and revived later has been around at least since 1861, when French writer Edmond About published The Man With the Broken Ear, a novel about a scientist who basically freeze-dries a living subject - Cryonics-and  Woody Allen's 'Sleeper' has a victim wrapped in tinfoil emerging in the distant future to learn that smoking is good for you.
Cryonics has its contemporary origins with a retired professor of physics in Michigan, Robert Ettinger,
whose 1964 book, The Prospect of Immortality, launched the movement: pay now, be frozen and live later. Maybe.  Ettinger, 80, now retired and living in Arizona, said in a telephone interview he had been certain that by today, "Everyone would be getting frozen." Why aren't they? "People are fearful of the unknown," Ettinger said.Robert Ettinger, 83, is the person most responsible for pushing cryonics out of the realm of fiction. Back in the '30s, Ettinger envisioned a more advanced future than we have today. But medical developments over the past 30 years, particularly those involving resuscitation of heart attack and drowning victims, keep him encouraged.-His bottom line: death is relative. "Whether you call a person dead or not does not matter," he says. "Thousands of people are revived every year after suffering clinical death. In previous years, these people would have remained dead. So whether it's 20 minutes or 20 years, it shouldn't matter."Ettinger's Cryonics Institute (CI) has 41 frozen deceased people at its storage facility in Clinton Township, Michigan, including his two wives and mother.Ettinger says more people are warming to the idea of being frozen after death. Most of CI's members joined in the past few years. Most members are men, but more patients are women who have been frozen by husbands or children.



Year 2075:-

News reporters are tiring of stories about yet another body being revived after decades in the deep freeze. Hundreds of thawed "patients" are in support groups sponsored by the century-old Cryonics Institute, still headed by its recently thawed founder. You can spot the newly revived by the subtle scars over the carotid arteries and jugular veins. The scars are from incisions made in the early 2000s for tubing to remove their blood and perfuse the body with antifreeze. Nanotechnology will take care of their freezer burn over time; gene therapy will rejuvenate their tissues.
Sound like bad science fiction? Maybe, but a nasty family feud over whether baseball legend Ted Williams' body will be frozen for a future thaw has brought cryonics to center stage.
 (See story at the bottom of this page.)
Question is, how much of this controversy is based on any real potential to wake up in the next century?

Experts say the only part that's fiction is the ability to revive a human Popsicle. About 100 people already have taken the plunge into a bath of liquid nitrogen and are being stored at a crisp minus 197° Celsius (minus 322° Fahrenheit).
 Whether they'll ever be successfully thawed is a challenge for science to work out in the coming decades. About 1,000 people are betting on the science and have already signed up with non-profit institutes and for-profit companies to be frozen after they die.

Andy Zawacki, facilities manager at CI, says maintenance of frozen bodies is simple. The bodies are stored in cylinders or rectangular tanks in sleeping bags immersed in liquid nitrogen. "I top off the tanks (with liquid nitrogen) about every five days, but you can go up to about two weeks if you have to," Zawacki says.
Bodies are called patients.
 Living people who have paid $28,000 to be frozen are called members. Most are middle-class folks who use life insurance policies to pay for preservation and maintenance. Alcor also will freeze just your head for about $18,000: Ettinger freezes only whole bodies. Their freezing methods also differ, but no one knows whose is best. Alcor vitrifies the body, which makes it more glass-like and causes water to bind to a chemical to prevent the formation of ice crystals. Ettinger's group sticks with liquid nitrogen and simple glycerin.
Mainstream scientists still need convincing. "Right now, it's a totally left-field thing," says molecular geneticist Lawrence Donehower of Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, who researches links between cancer-fighting genes and aging. "This is totally 30th-century stuff. I don't see how they will ever resurrect someone this way. We just laugh at it."
Says Ettinger: "I won't convince all people, but the thesis becomes more credible every year."
Cryonics Patient Prepares for the Future::-
How an Alcor patient's body is frozen and stored until medical technology can repair the body and revive the patient, or grow a new body for the patient.
Patient declared legally dead
On way to Alcor in Arizona, blood circulation is maintained and patient is injected with medicine to minimise problems with frozen tissue. Cooling of body begun. (If body needs to be flown, blood is replaced with organ preservatives.)
At Alcor the body is cooled to 5 degrees
Chest opened, blood is replaced with a solution (glycerol, water, other chemicals) that enters the tissues, pushing out water to reduce ice formation. In 2 to 4 hours, 60% or more of body water is replaced by glycerol.
Freezing the body
The patient is placed in cold silicone oil, chilling the body to -79°C. Then it's moved to an aluminium pod and slowly cooled over 5 days in liquid nitrogen to -196°C (minus 320° Fahrenheit), then stored.
Storage vessel
Stainless-steel vats formed into a large thermos-bottle-like container. Vat for up to four bodies weighs about a ton; stands 9 feet tall.

France's highest court has refused to allow two teachers to keep their mother's body in a glass freezer at home. The Conseil d'Etat ruled cryonics - stopping physical decay after death in the hope of future revival - is illegal.
Michel Leroy and his sister Joelle from the French Indian Ocean island of Réunion want to keep their mother's body in a basement freezer. The Times says their mother, Lise Leroy, has been in refrigeration at a Saint-Denis-de-la-Réunion cemetery since July 1999. Mr Leroy, a philosophy teacher, says he'll challenge the decision at the European Court of Human Rights. He said: "The possibility of keeping a body in its initial form softens the grieving process.

 One day we will realise that the Egyptians were a lot more intelligent than some of our contemporaries in wanting to conserve thSeti Mummy Picturee bodies of the dead."!
The court said relatives have two choices over what to do with dead bodies - burial or cremation. It said relatives can scatter ashes after cremation, but they have to bury bodies in a cemetery or in a tomb on private property after gaining special permission.-Source: ananova.com Tuesday 30 July 2002

Cryonics in a Deep Freeze:-

If man were immortal he could be perfectly sure of seeing the day when everything in which he had trusted should betray his trust, and, in short, of coming eventually to hopeless misery.He would break down, at last, as every good fortune, as every dynasty, as every civilisation does. In place of this we have death.-- Charles Sanders Peirce
Predictions from the Past that Haven't Come True ... Yet

In 1980, Paul Segall, a graduate of the State University
 at Stony Brook doing postgraduate research at the University of California at Berkeley on the physiology of aging, predicted that by 1992 "the first human will be successfully resuscitated after being frozen and thawed." At the time, Segall was an officer of the Bay Area Cryonics Society, and his view was included in the People's Almanac Book of Predictions published that year. "Within a few more years, large numbers of terminally ill or hopelessly aged patients will be frozen prior to death and stored for reanimation in the future, when cures are developed for their illnesses or techniques of age reversal become available," he wrote.Today, Segall does no cryonics research, and doesn't even like to think about the possibilities. "I guess I was being a bit overoptimistic," he said in a recent interview.

Most mainstream scientists say that's not the case at all.

"We can freeze [living] cells and thaw them, such as sperm cells, but freezing and thawing a complex organism is a whole other question," said Dr Wayne Waltzer, professor and chairman of the urology department at Stony Brook's medical school. Even when freezing sperm cells for later implantation, he said, 40% are unusable by the time they are thawed. "What would be lost if a person were frozen and thawed? The reality is that when you are dead, you are dead. When you preserve something that has died, what are you really preserving?" Waltzer said.

"There isn't a shred of evidence that they'll be able to resuscitate anyone," said Dr John Armitage, a member of the editorial board of the scientific journal Cryobiology. Armitage described cryonics as pseudo-science.

"Goofy beyond amusement," is what Art Caplan of the Centre for Biomedical Ethics at University of Minnesota calls it.
Alcor Incorporated, started in 1972 in Riverside, California, has 35 clients - and 450 more signed up at its new headquarters in Scottsdale, Arizona. "We are clearly on the edge," said Bryan Shock, a former computer programmer and Alcor's spokesman and corporate secretary. "We are not only counting on some future scientific breakthrough that could be in 50 years or 150 years, that will not only revive the patient, but will have devised a scheme to repair what has been damaged in the freezing process," he said.

Some advocates of cryonics hope that one day instead of waiting for clients to die, they will be allowed to freeze terminally ill people before death. In 1992, Thomas Donaldson, who had been diagnosed with a brain tumour, sought to be frozen before he died. The California court turned him down, saying Donaldson had no "constitutional right to a state-assisted suicide."

Cryonics Over Dead Geeks' Bodies-by Michelle Delio

Heather Pringle, author of The Mummy Congress, said she was surprised to find out how many tech-savvy people intend to end their days as Popsicles.; that "unlike many of us," tech-oriented people actually welcome the future and wouldn't mind living in it. Pringle said she loves the image of entire warehouses stacked full of hackers, programmers and engineers, but thinks it is highly unlikely that the super-cooled techies will ever be defrosted and rebooted.

"The technological problems in doing this seem just staggering to me, particularly for people who go the economy-class route, having only their heads preserved," Pringle said. "To bring back to full functioning something as complex as a brain, and then to graft it back on to a body, just seems horrifically difficult."

But Ralph Merkle, a nanotechnology researcher who maintains a Web page on cryonics, said the correct scientific answer to the question "does cryonics work?" is neither yes nor no. "The clinical trials are in progress," Merkle said. "Come back in a century and we'll give you a reliable answer."

Merkle firmly believes that current suspension methods can preserve the structures in the human brain that encode long-term memory and personality.
. "Current medical science does not have the tools to fix damage that occurs at the cellular and molecular level, and damage to these systems is the cause of vast majority of fatal illnesses,"

Pringle wonders what people of the future will think about our civilisation when they break open all those canisters containing nerds' bodies and heads. "Instead of preserving the finest physical specimens of 21st-century humanity - the athletic, the attractive, the physically fit, the Adonis and Venus de Milo types whose bodies are so well deserving of eternity - we seem to be conserving geeks with taped-up glasses and bad haircuts, people whose idea of dinner ranges only a little further than Frito-Lays, Cheetos and Jolt," Pringle said. "What a warped view the 40th century will have of the rest of us."

Look - I'd like to believe in the possibility of immortality. But think about it - if today we were able to awaken someone who died 200 years ago, wouldn't that be great fun? Especially if we could pick someone famous. But after 5 - or 10 or 100 - had been revived, where's the novelty? You have a bunch of people who don't fit into society and who have no skills to make a living - the worst sort of immigrants. Pretty soon, a wave of prejudice against the "time immigrants" would sweep society and strict laws on reviving bodies would be passed. Your odds of a great life would be better if you took all that money you've saved up to be frozen and used it to treat yourself to a first-class vacation - or bought a bunch of lottery tickets. There is no magic.



Ted Williams' Records Rise Above Today's Rumours (in the section on Men) - Ted has been frozen in hopes of a future revival. If future society had to choose between reviving him or you, whom do you think they would select?What Happened to Ted?
Hall of Famer's bizarre post-mortem defies belief:-ImageShack, free image hosting, free video hosting, image hosting, video hosting, photo image hosting site, video hosting site

Williams' remains have been suspended in liquid nitrogen at Alcor Life Extension Foundation in Scottsdale, Arizona, since the former slugger's death in July 2002. Williams' son, John Henry Williams, had his father placed in cryonic suspension, a deep-freezing process done in hopes that future scientific advances will restore the dead to life. But contrary to recent news reports, Williams' body is not resting upside down in a liquid nitrogen tank at Alcor . Instead, reports Verducci, his head sits on a shelf in a liquid nitrogen-filled steel can, while his body is in the same room, stored upright in a liquid nitrogen-filled, nine-foot-tall cylindrical steel tank.

The silver can containing Williams' head resembles a lobster pot and is marked in black with Williams' patient ID number, A-1949, according to a Sports Illustrated story. Williams' head has been shaved and drilled with holes. Verducci also reports that, before the head was placed in its present location, it was accidentally cracked as many as 10 times due to fluctuating storage temperatures. Sports Illustrated's investigation of Alcor internal documents, e-mails, photographs and tape recordings was done with the cooperation of the company's most recent chief operating officer, Larry Johnson. The magazine's reporting also casts further doubt on whether Williams ever intended to be placed in such a facility.

About a year before Williams died, Alcor employees visited his Hernando, Florida, home but did not meet with him. Instead, they talked with John Henry while, according to the magazine, Williams could be heard yelling from a back room. Moreover, Williams' 7-page Consent for Cryonic Suspension, a copy of which was obtained by Sports Illustrated, was submitted to Alcor after he had died, with the line for his signature blank. The only publicly known documentation that suggests Ted Williams wanted to be cryonically preserved is a piece of scrap paper, stained with motor oil and dated 2 November 2000. That paper, apparently bearing the signatures of John Henry, his sister Claudia, and Ted, states their desire to be put in "Bio-Stasis after we die" on the chance the three of them might "be together in the future."

The Hall of Famer's signature on the scrap paper reads "Ted Williams." Bobby-Jo Ferrell, Williams' daughter by his first marriage, who has fought her half-brother and half-sister's efforts to cryonically preserve Williams' body, says her father typically signed legal documents "Theodore S Williams." The fact that Williams was hospitalised at the time has also raised questions about the document's authenticity, says Sports Illustrated, though the executor of Williams' estate has declared the document to be valid. John Henry, his sister Claudia and Alcor CEO Jerry Lemler, MD, either declined to answer or failed to respond to questions from Sports Illustrated regarding the state of Ted Williams' body. According to the magazine, Williams' body was flown to Arizona almost immediately after his death on the morning of 5 July 2002, and was on an operating table at Alcor later that night. One witness told the magazine that Williams' head was removed in "neuroseparation" surgery, even though John Henry had earlier indicated that he wanted a full-body suspension, and that "many people" snapped pictures of the famous patient during the operation.
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"Transporting really is the safest way to travel."OR instant travel


The '''transporter''' was a [[subspace]] device capable of almost instantaneously moving an object from one location to another. Transporters are able to dematerialize, transmit and reassemble an object. The act of transporting is often referred to as "beaming."


A typical transport sequence began with a coordinate lock, during which the destination was verified and programmed, via the targeting scanners. Obtaining or maintaining a transporter lock enables the transporter operator to know the subject's location, even in motion, allowing the beaming process to start more quickly. This is an essential safety precaution when a starship away team enters a potentially dangerous situation that would require an emergency beam-out.
When there was a risk that such devices would be lost in the field or are otherwise unavailable, personnel could be implanted with a subcutaneous transponder before an away mission to still provide a means to maintain a transporter lock. Alternatively, sensors could be used to scan for the biosign or energy signature of a subject, which could then be fed into the transporter's targeting scanner for a lock.
Next, the lifeform or object to be beamed was scanned on the quantum level using a molecular imaging scanner. At this point, Heisenberg compensators took into account the position and direction of all subatomic particles composing the object or individual and created a map of the physical structure being disassembled amounting to billions of kiloquads of data.Emory Erickson, the inventor of the transporter, with daughter
Simultaneously, the object was broken down into a stream of subatomic particles, also called the matter stream. The matter stream was briefly stored in a pattern buffer while the system compensates for Doppler shift to the destination.
The matter stream was then transmitted to its destination via a subspace frequency. As with any type of transmission of energy or radiation, scattering and degradation of the signal must be monitored closely. The annular confinement beam (ACB) acted to maintain the integrity of the information contained in the beam. Finally, the initial process was reversed and the object or individual was reassembled at the destination.
From its earliest incarnations, and continuing until some time between the early 2270s and mid 2280s, transporters generally immobilized the subject being beamed during dematerialization and rematerialization. Advances in transporter technology after that point allowed a person being transported to move during the process in a limited fashion.

Transporter Operations (alternate reality)

Transporter effect of the alternate reality's USS Enterprise
In the alternate reality caused by Nero, the transporter operation process included the use of the annular confinement beam, followed by electromagnetic focusing, the use of a gravitational compensator. Then the operator applied a temporal differential, after which he engaged a particle lock. (Star Trek)
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