functioning of hypothalamaus and appetite


CHENNAI: When Lekha Sri, 4, started taking only liquid food, her parents Bhaskar and Radhika thought it was just a phase. But when she refused to take any solid food for weeks together, the worried parents took her to a city hospital where the child was diagnosed with a tumour, the size of two fully grown apples, which was pressing against the base of her brain.

Doctors said the tumour affected the functioning of hypothalamaus, a part of the brain that controls, among other functions, hunger and thirst. The girl has regained her appetite after a team of doctors at Global Hospitals removed the tumour.

The first signs of trouble appeared when Lekha Sri's growth came to a halt gradually and she began losing weight. She became too thin and refused to eat solid food. But she was always thirsty. When she was taken to a hospital, the tumour was discovered. The family then approached several hospitals, but none of them were ready to operate on the girl as they considered it a risky procedure. However, a team led by neurosurgeon Dr K Sridhar at Global agreed to perform the surgery and give the girl a second chance at life.

Describing the girl's condition, Dr Sridhar said the child had a tumour, called craniopharyngioma, located between two optic nerves. The tumour caused hypothalamus, which is linked to the pituitary gland and controlled many metabolic processes, to malfunction. "The salt and water balance in the body was thrown out of control. She also had diabetes insipidus, because of which she passed a lot of urine and in turn drank a lot of water," he said.

Lekha Sri underwent a brain surgery two weeks ago to remove the tumour. Doctors said she is recovering rapidly and has already gained two kilos, besides showing a remarkable improvement in appetite. "Usually such tumours can recur as some cells are not visible through the microscope and hence cannot be removed. But as of now she is stable and can lead a normal life," Dr Sridhar said.

script to unify 22 languages


IIT prof writes one script to unify 22 languages


READ MORE the script
CHENNAI: India has 22 official languages. Schools teach in 58 different languages. There are newspapers in 87 languages. And, about a dozen major scripts are used to communicate in these languages.

Though the country once boasted about this linguistic complexity, people have since found that it poses barriers to effective communication.

An ideal situation would be the use of a single language across India, but researchers feel that it is too ambitious a project. "There are impossible difficulties to creating a unified language in India, not least because of the huge emotional component," said V Srinivas Chakravarthy, an IIT-Madras professor. A simpler goal would be to figure out a unified script that can convey information in all Indian languages, said the professor of biotechnology, whose work spans computational neuroscience and pattern recognition.

Chakravarthy has drawn up one such script that he calls Bharati, which can be used for regular writing and can be learnt easily. "Anyone who knows one of the major Indian scripts can learn Bharati script in an hour," said Chakravarthy, who has applied for a patent for the Bharati script.

Most Indian alphabet systems are organised as vowels and consonants; Bharati follows this pattern without the elaborate flourish. The script combines the simplest features of several existing scripts to come up with a new one that is logical and simple.

Chakravarthy said English is arbitrary. "There is no logic to why A comes first and Z last. Indian scripts are logical," he said. "But, they are also unreasonably complicated and ornate."

For instance, he said, the long form of the alphabet that makes the sound 'ah' in the Devanagiri/Hindi script is written by adding a vertical bar to produce the sound 'aah'. The long form of the alphabet making the sound 'e' is written by adding a hook to make the 'ee' sound.

"Why should we have so many different conventions just to denote the long version of a vowel?" said Chakravarthy. He studied these inconsistencies and made sure that the Bharati alphabets follow a consistent design.

Experts welcome the initiative, saying Indian languages had a lot of shared words. "It's a good attempt that can bring people together. But, whether people, politicians or teachers like me will let it happen is a different thing," said S C Chaudhary, member of the Indian Linguistic Association in Pune. He hoped that the effort would put an end to the domination of English, which is threatening to overtake all other languages.

Awadesh Kumar Mishra, director of Central Institute of Indian Languages in Mysore, said such a script would be useful for the average Indian, who is likely to know just one language. The Technology Development for Indian Languages programme, initiated by the ministry of communication and information technology, is making a similar attempt to facilitate human-machine interaction without a language barrier, he said.

Chakravarthy's script has immediate application in signs, especially at tourist attractions. Bharati can be developed into an online handwriting recognition system for Indian languages on smartphones and PDAs because it can be used to help develop better algorithms to recognise all languages.

ONE MORE STUDY,MANY MORE QUESTIONS


Global warming may raise sea levels by more than 2 metres: Study


Global warming may raise sea levels by more than 2 metres: Study
Half of that rise might come from ice-loss in Antarctica which is currently contributing less than 10 per cent to global sea-level rise.
Berlin: Each degree celsius rise in global temperatures is likely to raise world's sea levels by more than 2 metres within the next 2,000 years, a new study has warned.

While thermal expansion of the ocean and melting mountain glaciers are the most important factors causing sea-level change today, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets will be the dominant contributors within the next two millennia, according to the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Half of that rise might come from ice-loss in Antarctica which is currently contributing less than 10 per cent to global sea-level rise.

"CO2, once emitted by burning fossil fuels, stays an awful long time in the atmosphere. Consequently, the warming it causes also persists," said Anders Levermann, lead author of the study and research domain co-chair at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.

The oceans and ice sheets are slow in responding, simply because of their enormous mass, which is why observed sea-level rise is now measured in millimetres per year.

"The problem is: once heated out of balance, they simply don't stop. We're confident that our estimate is robust because of the combination of physics and data that we use," Levermann said in a statement.

The study is the first to combine evidence from early Earth's climate history with comprehensive computer simulations using physical models of all four major contributors to long-term global sea-level rise.

During the 20th century, sea level rose by about 0.2 metres, and it is projected to rise by significantly less than two metres by 2100, even for the strongest scenarios considered.

At the same time, past climate records, which average sea-level and temperature changes over a long time, suggest much higher sea levels during periods of earth's history that were warmer than present.

For the new study, the international team of scientists used data from sediments from the bottom of the sea and ancient raised shorelines found on various coastlines around the world.

If global mean temperature rises by 4 degrees compared to pre-industrial times, which in a business-as-usual scenario is projected to happen within less than a century, the Antarctic ice sheet will contribute about 50 per cent of sea-level rise over the next two millennia, researchers said.

Greenland will add another 25 per cent to the total sea-level rise, while the thermal expansion of the oceans' water, currently the largest component of sea-level rise, will contribute about 20 per cent, and the contribution from mountain glaciers will decline to less than 5 per cent, mostly because many of them will shrink to a minimum, the study found.

  1. Global warming stopped 16 years ago, reveals Met Office report ...

    www.dailymail.co.uk/.../Global-warming-stopped-16-years-ago-reveals-...
    Oct 16, 2012 - The world stopped getting warmer almost 16 years ago, according to new .... This 'plateau' in rising temperatures does not mean that global ...
  2. What to Make of a Climate-Change Plateau - NYTimes.com

    www.nytimes.com/.../what-to-make-of-a-climate-change-plateau.html
    Jun 10, 2013 - The rise in the planet's surface temperature has been markedly slower ... They typically argue that “global warming stopped 15 years ago” or ...
  3. Global warming has not stalled, insists world's best-known climate ...

    www.guardian.co.uk › EnvironmentClimate change
    May 17, 2013 - Prof James Hansen, who first alerted the world to climate change in 1988, said ... causing some sceptics to suggest climate change has stopped or that the .... But forecast global temperature rise of 4C heralds disaster for large ...
  4. Global warming: has the rise in temperatures 'paused'? - The Guardian

    www.guardian.co.uk › EnvironmentThe eco audit with Leo Hickman
    Jan 10, 2013 - The "global warming has stopped" line from climate sceptics has always ... The rate of decadal rise in average global temperatures has clearly ...