'Bacteria Could Be Used to Control Robots'

Indo-Asian News Service, 17 July 2015

Believe it or not bacteria can control the behaviour of an inanimate device like a robot!A scientist from Virginia Institute of Technology has used a mathematical model to demonstrate that robots may indeed be able to have a working brain.
"We were trying to find out from the mathematical model if we could build a living microbiome on a non-living host and control the host through the microbiome," said Waren Ruder, assistant professor of biological systems engineering.
For future experiments, Ruder is building robots that will have the ability to read bacterial gene expression levels in E. coli using miniature fluorescent microscopes.
The robots will respond to bacteria he will engineer in his lab.
Ruder's approach revealed unique decision-making behaviour by a bacteria-robot system.
The bacteria in the mathematical experiment exhibited their genetic circuitry by either turning green or red according to what they ate.
In the mathematical model, the robot was equipped with sensors and a miniature microscope to measure the colour of bacteria instructing it where and how fast to go depending upon the pigment and intensity of colour.
In one instance, as the bacteria were directing the robot towards food, the robot paused before quickly making its final approach a classic predatory behaviour of higher order animals that stalk prey.
On a broad scale, understanding the biochemical sensing between organisms could have far reaching implications in ecology, biology and robotics, said the paper published in the journal Scientific Reports.
In agriculture, bacteria-robot model systems could enable robust studies that explore the interactions between soil bacteria and livestock.
In health care, further understanding of bacteria's role in controlling gut physiology could lead to bacteria-based prescriptions to treat mental and physical illnesses.
Ruder also envisions droids that could execute tasks such as deploying bacteria to remediate oil spills.

Massless particle for gen-next electronics found

Press Trust of India | Washington

July 17, 2015 Last Updated at 17:57 IST

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A massless particle that eluded scientists for 85 years has been discovered and it could pave the way for faster and more efficient electronics and new types of quantum computing.

An international team led by Princeton University scientists has discovered Weyl fermions theorised 85 years ago.

The researchers reported in the journal Science the first observation of Weyl fermions, which, if applied to next-generation electronics, could allow for a nearly free and efficient flow of electricity in electronics, and thus greater power, especially for computers.

Proposed by the mathematician and physicist Hermann Weyl in 1929, Weyl fermions have been long sought by scientists because they have been regarded as possible building blocks of other subatomic particles.

Their basic nature means that Weyl fermions could provide a much more stable and efficient transport of particles than electrons, which are the principle particle behind modern electronics.

Unlike electrons, Weyl fermions are massless and possess a high degree of mobility; the particle's spin is both in the same direction as its motion - which is known as being right-handed - and in the opposite direction in which it moves, or left-handed.

"The physics of the Weyl fermion are so strange, there could be many things that arise from this particle that we're just not capable of imagining now," said corresponding author M Zahid Hasan, a Princeton professor of physics who led the research team.

The researchers' find differs from the other particle discoveries in that the Weyl fermion can be reproduced and potentially applied, Hasan said.

Typically, particles such as the famous Higgs boson are detected in the fleeting aftermath of particle collisions, he said.

The Weyl fermion, however, was discovered inside a synthetic metallic crystal called tantalum arsenide that the Princeton researchers designed in collaboration with researchers at the Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter in Beijing and at National Taiwan University.

The Weyl fermion possesses two characteristics that could make its discovery a boon for future electronics, including the development of the highly prized field of efficient quantum computing, Hasan said.

For a physicist, the Weyl fermions are most notable for behaving like a composite of monopole- and antimonopole-like particles when inside a crystal, Hasan said.

This means that Weyl particles that have opposite magnetic-like charges can nonetheless move independently of one another with a high degree of mobility.

The researchers also found that Weyl fermions can be used to create massless electrons that move very quickly with no backscattering, wherein electrons are lost when they collide with an obstruction. In electronics, backscattering hinders efficiency and generates heat.