Monogamy evolved to protect babies
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LONDON: The threat of infants being killed by unrelated males is the key driver of monogamy in humans and other primates, according to scientists.
Astudy of 230 primate species by academics from University College London, University of Manchester, University of Oxford and University of Auckland is the first to reveal this evolutionary pathway for the emergence of pair living.
The team found that following the emergence of monogamy males are more likely to care of their offspring. Where fathers care for the young, not only can they protect infants from other males but also share the burden of childcare. Infants are most vulnerable when they are fully dependent on their mother, because females delay further conception while nursing slowly developing young. This leads to the threat from unrelated males, who can bring the next conception forward by killing the infant.
Sharing the costs of raising the young between both parents shortens the period of infant dependency and can allow females to reproduce more quickly.
To uncover the evolutionary pathway that led to monogamy, the team gathered data across the primates. These were then plotted on a family tree of the evolutionary relationships between those species. Computational modelling methods were used to re-run evolution millions of times across the family tree to discover whether different behaviours evolved together and, if so, which behaviour evolved first.
Until now, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of monogamy among mammals. These include the benefit of paternal care when the cost of raising offspring is high, the ability to guard solitary females from rival males and protection against the risk of infanticide from rival males.
This "Bayesian" approach allowed the team to determine that male infanticide is the cause of the switch from a multi-male mating system to monogamy in primates. It showed that two-parent care and solitary ranging by females are a result of monogamy , not the cause. "This is the first time that the theories for the evolution of monogamy have been systematically tested, conclusively showing that infanticide is the driver of monogamy," said lead author Dr Kit Opie of University College London.
Astudy of 230 primate species by academics from University College London, University of Manchester, University of Oxford and University of Auckland is the first to reveal this evolutionary pathway for the emergence of pair living.
The team found that following the emergence of monogamy males are more likely to care of their offspring. Where fathers care for the young, not only can they protect infants from other males but also share the burden of childcare. Infants are most vulnerable when they are fully dependent on their mother, because females delay further conception while nursing slowly developing young. This leads to the threat from unrelated males, who can bring the next conception forward by killing the infant.
Sharing the costs of raising the young between both parents shortens the period of infant dependency and can allow females to reproduce more quickly.
To uncover the evolutionary pathway that led to monogamy, the team gathered data across the primates. These were then plotted on a family tree of the evolutionary relationships between those species. Computational modelling methods were used to re-run evolution millions of times across the family tree to discover whether different behaviours evolved together and, if so, which behaviour evolved first.
Until now, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain the evolution of monogamy among mammals. These include the benefit of paternal care when the cost of raising offspring is high, the ability to guard solitary females from rival males and protection against the risk of infanticide from rival males.
This "Bayesian" approach allowed the team to determine that male infanticide is the cause of the switch from a multi-male mating system to monogamy in primates. It showed that two-parent care and solitary ranging by females are a result of monogamy , not the cause. "This is the first time that the theories for the evolution of monogamy have been systematically tested, conclusively showing that infanticide is the driver of monogamy," said lead author Dr Kit Opie of University College London.
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